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which were all held in 2019.
                             By agreeing to senior military personnel exchanges, regular meetings such as
                            strategic defense dialogues and defense policy talks, unit exchanges between
                            military services, repatriation of Chinese soldiers’ remains, academic conferences
                            between military research agencies, mutual education programs between education
                            institutions, and to promote the connection of additional hotlines through a revision
                            of the Navy and Air Force Hotline MOU at the 18th defense policy working-level
                            talks in January 2020, the defense authorities of the two countries are promoting
                            national defense exchanges and cooperation in a more substantial manner.
                             To prevent accidental collisions from Chinese military aircraft’s entry into the
                            Korea Air Defense Identif cation  one (KADI ), the defense authorities of the ROK
                            and China are having dialogue and sharing necessary information through hotlines
                            established between the two countries’ Navy and Air Force. As such, communication
                            between the two sides is expected to be further strengthened.
                             Due to the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, defense exchanges
                            and cooperation between the two countries are facing a new situation as well
                            as challenges. Nonetheless, the defense authorities of the ROK and China will
                            strengthen their strategic communication to enhance the "strategic cooperative

                            partnership". Through continuous promotion of defense exchanges and cooperation
                            at various levels and in diverse fields–such as the 7th Chinese soldiers’ remains
                            repatriation ceremony, a friendly cooperation project between the two countries,
                            in September 2020–the two countries will continue to contribute to the stable
                            development of bilateral relations and the establishment of peace and stability on the
                            Korean Peninsula and in Northeast Asia.


                            Defense Exchanges
                            and Cooperation with Japan


                            Japan is a neighboring country that the
                            ROK should cooperate not only for
                            bilateral relations but also for peace
                            and prosperity in Northeast Asia and
                            the world.                        ROK–Japan Defense Ministerial Talks
                                                              (November 2019)
                             The ROK and Japan have regularly
                            held bilateral Defense Ministerial Meetings since 1994, and established the
                            foundation for defense exchanges and cooperation in 2009 by signing the Letter
                            of Intent on Defense Exchanges between the ROK and Japan at the 14th Defense




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